Blepharitis: Blepharitis is a common condition that is caused by inflammation of the eyelid. It results in red, scaly, and thickened eyelids and typically some loss of the eyelashes. Blepharitis may be due to either Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus aureus (types of bacteria), seborrheic dermatitis (a type of skin inflammation of unknown cause), or a mixture of the two. It is sometimes associated with rosacea of the face. The most common complaints are itching, flaking of the lids, and burning. Blepharitis is initially treated by applying hot compresses to the affected eye, followed by an eyelid scrub. If the condition persists, you should see the doctor, who may prescribe antibiotics.

Chalazion: A chalazion is a raised nodule without the tenderness of a sty (hordeolum). It is treated with hot compresses. If the chalazion persists, a physician should be consulted.

Conjunctivitis: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergy, or inflammation-promoting agents can cause inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, also known as conjunctivitis. The inflammation causes enlargement of the blood vessels in the conjunctiva ("congestion") and causes the conjunctiva to become red ("bloodshot"). Itchy eyes may or may not accompany the inflammation. The eyelids may be stuck together in the morning and there may be tearing or discharge from the eye or eyes. The congestion and itchiness can be temporarily treated with ocular decongestants, but the underlying cause may need treatment as well.

Contact dermatitis: Contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that causes swelling, scaling, or redness of the eyelid with intense itching. This condition usually is triggered by the use of a new product (soap or makeup) or exposure to a foreign substance. If both the upper and lower eyelids are affected, the cause of the inflammation is likely to be an allergic reaction. Antihistamines that are taken by mouth can be used to treat contact dermatitis of the eyelid.

Dry eye: Dry eye is characterized by a white or mildly reddened eye combined with a sandy, gritty, dry feeling. Paradoxically, dry eye can sometimes be accompanied by excessive reflex tearing. The dryness itself can stimulate an increase in the production of tears. Dry eye, also known as KCS or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is very common and is increasing in frequency due to an aging population and increased pollution in the air. Dry eye is more common in females. It is sometimes associated with dry mouth (Sjogren's syndrome) or autoimmune diseases. Other factors thought to contribute to dry eye are some drugs such as antihistamines, antidepressants, or diuretics (water pills). There are many OTC eye drops available for the self-medication of dry eyes. These vary in their formulations, consistency, and preservatives used. Although these lubricants are effective for treating many cases of dry eye, a physician also should be consulted.

Foreign substance: Lint, dust, an eyelash, or other foreign matter can become stuck in the eye. When the substance cannot easily be removed either with your finger, water, or an eye irrigating solution, a doctor should be seen.

Hordeolum: Commonly referred to as a sty, a hordeolum is an inflammation of the glands within the eyelid. The primary sign of a hordeolum is a tender, raised nodule on the eyelid. Sometimes, the eyelid is so swollen that the eye appears to be completely shut. A hordeolum is usually caused by the same bacteria that are linked to blepharitis. Recurrent hordeolum can be associated with rosacea. Treatment usually is with hot compresses several times per day, but if the problem worsens or does not clear within a week, a physician should be seen. Antibiotics may be necessary.

Lice: The eyelids can become infested with one of two different lice, the crab louse (Phthirus pubis) or the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis). Lice in the eyelids cause symptoms and signs that are similar to those of blepharitis (red, scaly, and thickened eyelids, usually with some loss of the eyelashes). It is common in young school-age children. One can sometimes see movements of the adult lice at the base of the lashes. Petrolatum or a non-medicated ointment is applied to the eyelid and suffocates the lice eggs. RID, NIX, A-2000, or any other preparation that is designed for use in the hair should not be used near the eyes.

Thermal damage: Thermal damage is a burn injury to eye itself. Exposure to the sun's UV radiation during outdoor activities is an example of minor ocular thermal damage. An eye lubricant can be applied to soothe the eye. If there is no relief to the eye after 24 hours, a physician should be seen. A more severe thermal injury to the eye, for example, from a welder's arc or from sunlamp exposure, warrants the immediate attention of a doctor.